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What is PEEK?
PEEK is a thermoplastic polymer of Polyether ether ketone. It is a semi-crystalline high-performance engineering thermoplastic. This semi-crystalline material is used in diverse industrial parts and components due to its excellent mechanical properties, wear resistance, heat resistance, high chemical resistance, water resistance, and abrasion resistance.
PEEK plastics have the exceptional advantage of retaining their properties even at high temperatures. They melt at about 343oC and operate perfectly at higher temperatures. Therefore, it can be used in hot water or steam and progressively to a temperature high temperature up to 250oC.
The semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer occurs in different forms. It is available in granular form, bar forms for CNC machining, and filaments. The 4 major classifications of PEEK are:
PEEK 1000:
This PEEK is made from a 100% pure polyether ether ketone resin and is the most suitable for tough applications due to its superior impact strength. It is easy to sterilize PEEK using the most effective sterilization techniques (steam, dry heat, ethanol, and Y-rays), and the raw material substrates that are used in the manufacturing of PEEK meet the EU and US FDA requirements on the hardness of food hence can be used in some of the most common uses in health, drugs, and food processing industries areas.
PEEK-HPV :
The incorporation of PTFE, graphite, and carbon fiber gives PEEK-HPV the characteristic of becoming a bearing-grade plastic. Due to its low coefficient of friction, high wear resistance, and high peak pressure operating limit, this grade is appropriate for use in friction-interface applications.
PEEK-GF30 :
A reinforced grade of plastic filled with 30% glass fibers, this material has better rigidity and creep resistance than PEEK-1000 and better dimensional stability, making it ideal for structural parts. It is ideal for structural parts because it can withstand fixed loads at high temperatures for long periods. If PEEK-GF30 is used as a sliding part, its suitability should be carefully tested because the glass fibers scratch the mating surface.
PEEK-CA30 :
Being based on 30% carbon fiber, this material has better mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, mechanical strength, and creep) as well as greater wear resistance in comparison with PEEK-GF30, and the carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic is ≈3. over 5× thermally conductive than the unreinforced PEEK –meanwhile allowing for faster dispersion of heat from the bearing surface.
Your application will determine the grade of PEEK you choose to machine.
Properties of PEEK Plastic Material
Industries producing diverse objects, such as medical implants, use PEEK widely in their productions. This is due to the excellent and exceptional properties of Peek plastic.
Manufacturers widely appreciate the following properties of this thermoplastic:
Excellent Chemical, Electrical, and Temperature Resistance
PEEK material gives high resistance against corrosive chemicals. It provides resistance similar to nickel steel and can retain its non-corrosive and chemical structure with most metals, even at high temperatures. During normal conditions, only concentrated sulphuric acid can dissolve this plastic.
Also, PEEK has high electrical performance over high temperatures and frequencies. Since it has a stable chemical structure when chemically attacked, the material can operate perfectly under high doses of ionization radiation.
In addition, it has high resistance to gamma radiations, more significant than that of polystyrene (material with the most resistance to radiations in general-purpose resin use). This property makes it suitable for high-performance wire use to ensure good insulation.
Furthermore, PEEK material is highly durable and has a high melting point. Therefore, it works perfectly well during peak machining at elevated temperatures and does not deform at higher temperatures.
High Workability Rate and Consistent Performance Even at High Temperatures
PEEK material assures high workability during plastic CNC machining due to its good processing performance. Although it’s a super high-temperature thermoplastic material, it can be processed with different material processing methods.
These methods include injection moulding, extrusion moulding, melt spinning, etc. The high-temperature workability and high thermal decomposition properties of PEEK ensure this compatibility. In addition, this thermoplastic is a self-extinguishing material during combustion; it produces little or no toxic gas and smoke.
Excellent Mechanical Properties, Creep Resistance, Wear, and Friction Resistance.
PEEK and other high-temperature thermoplastics have high impact strength and retain their size at elevated temperatures. It has a low linear expansion coefficient and good dimensional stability.
PEEK has the highest fatigue and stress-retaining properties of all other plastics. Also, it has excellent creep resistance properties (the ability of a substance to deform slowly over a long period of exposure to stress). This property makes it a suitable material to withstand great pressure during machining.
Furthermore, PEEK provides excellent wear resistance with a low coefficient of friction. Therefore, it can maintain high wear resistance with various physical pressure conditions, surface roughness, temperature, and speed relative to the contact surface.
Low Absorption of Water and Resistance to Radiation
Using PEEK for making machine or instrument components helps these parts retain their chemical structure and properties in wet areas. Even at increased temperatures, its resistance to hydrolysis makes it ideal in wet environments, pressurized hot water, or steam.
Also, PEEK parts can operate under intense ionizing radiation. As previously stated, it has better resistance to gamma radiation than polystyrene.
PEEK Components, Applications & Industries
Despite being an essential material for manufacturing, it is crucial to use PEEK only, where you will get operational benefits from its applications. Here, we will mention some components and industries where PEEK is appropriate.
However, you must note that this list is not exhaustive. You may need to talk to our experts to get you through your projects.
Oil and Gas
Downhole tools in the oil and gas sector endure harsh conditions like high temperatures and aggressive chemicals. Where traditional materials fail, PEEK valves excel due to their superior chemical resistance and heat tolerance. These valves efficiently regulate fluid flow, enhancing extraction safety. Their durability leads to extended operational life, reducing frequent replacements and upkeep.
Medical
In the medical field, PEEK is prominently used for orthopaedic and spinal implants, especially in spinal fusion surgeries for conditions like degenerative disc disease. Damaged discs are replaced with PEEK cages, often filled with bone grafts to encourage fusion. PEEK’s biocompatibility prevents adverse reactions, and its radiolucent nature allows clear imaging post-surgery. Its mechanical properties mimic natural bone, ensuring support and flexibility.
Aerospace
Aircraft components, especially those in the engine and cabin areas, must withstand extreme conditions while being lightweight. PEEK is used to manufacture cable sheaths and insulation in aircraft. Its lightweight nature contributes to fuel efficiency, while its heat resistance ensures safety and durability. For instance, PEEK composites replace metal in certain aircraft parts, reducing weight without compromising strength.
Electronics
PEEK’s excellent electrical insulation properties make it a prime choice for connectors, insulators, and cable insulation in electronics. For instance, PEEK wafer carriers are used in semiconductor production because they can withstand aggressive chemicals and high temperatures in chip fabrication.
Automotive
The automotive industry continuously seeks materials to reduce vehicle weight and improve fuel efficiency. PEEK makes components like gears, thrust washers, and seal rings. Its ability to reduce friction and wear, combined with its thermal stability, makes it ideal for parts that experience high stress in engines and transmissions.
Tips for PEEK Plastic Machining
As we mentioned earlier, PEEK is a machinable material. However, you need to take critical steps before, during, and after the machining process.
Here are some tips to help you if you want to get the best end product from machining PEEK.
Annealing: The annealing process on PEEK rods helps reduce any chances of internal stresses and surface cracks. It also helps minimize internal stress in the material while machining. It will also be difficult to deform an annealed PEEK. Depending on the required time for machining, you may need additional intermediate annealing steps.
Cutting Tools: Silicon carbide cutting tools are among the best choices for machining PEEK. In other circumstances, you should use diamond tools. Such cases include when the thermoplastic is reinforced with carbon fiber. Diamond tools will also be useful when the required tolerances are very tight. You can prevent contamination by avoiding using the same cutting tools used on metals.
Wet or dry: PEEK does not dissipate heat. Therefore, it requires cooling during the machining process. Doing this will prevent breakage or deformation. You can choose to use a standard liquid coolant. However, pressurized air will be the best option for machining medical parts. Why? Liquid coolant may affect PEEK’s biocompatibility.
Drilling: Drilling deep holes into heavy cross-sections on PEEK can cause cracks because its elongation is much lower than other plastics.
Features of PEEK Machining Services at AT-Machining
As an industry leader in custom CNC machining services, our clients across several industries appreciate the following features of our PEEK machining services:
- In-house fabrication of PEEK plastic parts machining at our well-equipped facility
- A wide range of engineering services, such as product design and tooling, as well as CAM/CAD
- We can effectively work on prototypes from medium-sized and low-production runs.
- Our plastic CNC machining services comply with RoHS, MIL specifications, and AMS standard.
- Our qualified professionals inspect every machined part before delivery, ensuring optimum quality and avoiding product recalls.
- We also offer secondary finishes on PEEK machined parts, such as polishing, edge finishing, etc.
- Our experts will work closely with you to understand your requirements and offer you the best materials, machining processes, and finishing suggestions.
FAQ
Is PEEK Hard to the Machine?
PEEK is a difficult plastic material to machine. It requires special handling with high expertise and experience. Despite being machinable thermoplastic, the manufacturer must take critical steps before, during, and after machining for the best results.
Can You EDM PEEK?
Generally, EDM is not available for PEEK plastics, but we can increase the electrical conductivity of PEEK by filling it with carbon fibers to enable it to be machined using EDM. Its unique properties ensure that complex geometries can be fully machined, some of which are not possible with other techniques.
Is PEEK Stronger Than Aluminium?
Aluminum is stronger than PEEK, with a tensile strength of 45,000 psi. However, PEEK is a high-performance polymer with a high strength-to-weight ratio among other thermoplastics. It is an excellent alternative to other materials like steel, glass, and aluminium.
Conclusion
PEEK is an excellent thermoplastic with applications in several industries. Properties such as excellent chemical resistance, biocompatibility, tight tolerances, and more make it popular for many applications. The tips we discussed in this article will help you get excellent results from machining PEEK.
Contact us at AT-Machining to get the best PEEK CNC machining services. Let’s help you bring the best out of your next project.
